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Passage 1A new study finds that even mild stress can affect your ability to control your e

Passage 1

A new study finds that even mild stress can affect your ability to control your emotions. A team of neuroscientists at New York University say that their findings suggest that certain _1_ that teach people how to better control their emotions—such as those used to treat social anxiety and phobias— may not work as well during stressful situations. “We have long suspected that stress can _2_ our ability to control our emotions, but this is the first study to document how even mild stress can undercut therapies designed to keep our emotions in _3_ said senior author and psychology professor Elizabeth Phelps. “In other words, what you learn in the clinic may not be as _4_ in the real world when you’re stressed.” To help patients learn to _5_ their emotional impairment, therapists sometimes use cognitive restructuring techniques encouraging patients to alter their thoughts or approach to a situation to change their emotional response. These might include focusing on the positive or non-threatening aspects of an event or _6_ that might normally produce fear. To test how these techniques hold up in real-life situations, the team _7_ a group of 78 volunteers, who viewed pictures of snakes and spiders. Some of the pictures were paired with an electric shock, and participants _8_ developed a fear of these pictures. The subjects “reported more _9_ feelings of fear when viewing the pictures, compared with when they viewed images not paired with a shock. Next the participants were taught cognitive strategies, similar to those _10_ bytherapists and known as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to learn to diminish the fears brought on by the experiment.

A) check

B) regulate

C) eventually

D) consequences

E) impair

F) stimulus

G) bleak

H) enlisted

I) relevant

J) prescribed

K) therapies

L) confined

M) incidentally

N) intense

O) breach

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第1题

Passage Three A group of scientists rowing toward the center of a lake saw something sho

Passage Three

A group of scientists rowing toward the center of a lake saw something shocking. They turned back as fast as they could. What had they seen.? The lake was boiling!

The group was investigating a crater lake in the mountains of St. Vincent. A crater lake is the mouth of a volcano that has been dormant for some time and has filled with water.

This particular crater was the tip of a volcano called Soufriere, which erupted last in 1902. Since that time, it had not shown any signs of action. But in the fall of 1971, mountain climbers who had hiked near the lake returned to the lowlands with strange stories. They said the water had turned yellow and was giving off a smell like burnt eggs. A seething fog was rising from the lake's surface.

Local scientists rushed to Soufriere to see if this might be the beginning of a new volcanic explosion. They found a huge black mass in the middle of the water. It was a great blob 1,000 feet long and 300 feet wide. Lava had pushed up through the bottom of the lake and formed a new island.

The investigators wanted to make sure that the volcano was safe, and that the lava would not over- flow into the surrounding countryside. But they could never reach the island to study it, because the lava was so hot that the water around it bubbled and boiled.

44. This passage is about ______.

A. mountain climbing

B. a boiling lake

C. a new volcanic island

D. a mysterious blob

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第2题

A group of people who share the same interests and way of life is called a society. Sociol
ogy is the science that examines human society. The term sociology is derived from the Latin word socius, which means "companion, union of people".

(80) Sociologists are interested in how a society began and how it grew. They also study the levels within a society. For example, the child is part of the family, the family is part of the neighborhood, and the neighborhood is part of the community. There are many different groups, and sociologists are interested in the effect that these groups have on people.

A Frenchman named Auguste Comte made sociology a separate science in the 1830s. He suggested that a new science was necessary to study a society of people. A famous book, Principles of Sociology, was published by an Englishman, Herbert Spencer, in 1882. This book had an unprecedented (史无前例的) effect on the science of sociology. In this book, Spencer theorized that a society's customs evolved, or grew, from very simple to more complicated and advanced. This theory shows the influence that Charles Darwin (who believed that man had evoked from very simple forms to the present human) had on Spencer.

What is the best title for this passage?

A.Society.

B.People's Interests.

C.Society in Different Nations.

D.Sociology.

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第3题

Anthropology (人类学) is the study of how people live. It includes their family life,
religion, art, laws and language. The term anthropology comes from two Greek words: "anthropos" means "human being" and "logy" means "the science of. Anthropology can be divided into two areas. These two main divisions are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology. Culture includes many things, such as art, religion, laws, and even furniture and movies. Anthropologists define human progress in three main steps. Step one begins with the first human being and continues until the last of the people who hunted animals just to survive. Step two includes people who grew food. In this step, there was progress in invention and religion. The third step deals with the first civilizations, such as those in Egypt and parts of Asia. Anthropologists always seek new information about people. For instance, recent evidence found in Ethiopia and Kenya shows humans earlier in history than it was previously believed.

1.According to the passage, anthropology mainly deals with ______.

A、family life, religion and art

B、differences between human races

C、the study of ancient people

D、the study of different cultures

2.What have anthropologists recently found_____.

A、There are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology

B、there are three steps in the progress of human beings

C、There were more civilizations in Egypt than in parts of Asia

D、There is a longer history of human beings than it was thought before

3.Which of the following belongs to the second step of human progress_____.

A、Many religions and inventions were made

B、People hunted animals just to survive

C、the early civilizations came into being

D、people started to learn science and art

4.Which could be the best title for the passage_____.

A、What is anthropology

B、The progress of human beings

C、The first civilizations

D、The Work of Anthropologists Dear Sirs

5.Which of the following statement is TRUE_____.

A、Furniture and movies belong to physical anthropology

B、Anthropologists are still trying to get new findings about people

C、the study of human beings began in Greek times

D、The first civilizations appeared only in Egypt and parts of Asia

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第4题

Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probab
ly received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicians campaigning for public office, salespeople presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form. of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or members of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly everyone speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform. the task well often become leaders.

There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information-about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.

Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.

When they do not have to speak unprepared, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.

Public speaking is well known to the average people because______.

A.most of them have been trained as public speakers

B.such activities are prevalent in the society

C.most of them have to do it when they study at college

D.the passage does not mention the reason

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第5题

Students want to find the best way to put information into their long-term memories. They
want to be able to remember the information later when they take a test. What is the best way to learn information so that they can remember it when they want to?

When you study, you should read the whole lesson first. This gives you the whole picture in which to put the ideas. New information that fits into the whole picture is easier to remember than separate facts. You also learn faster if you look at headings, introductions, important words, summaries, conclusions, and anything else that help to organize the material. Organized material is easier to understand.

After you read a whole lesson, the next step is to study the parts. Think about how they fit into the whole picture. If you have a lot to study, don't try to do the whole job at once. Learning should be spread out and spaced. This gives the information time to "sink in". You should study grammar three times, a half hour each time. That is better than studying for an hour and a half all at one time. Even shorter study periods are better for vocabulary lists and other difficult material. To learn the most in a two-hour study session, study different kinds of material; a half hour on grammar, 15 minutes on vocabulary, 20 minutes on writing, and so on. The change will help to keep you interested.

You forget most quickly right after you read or hear something new. You should review right away so you won't forget, and if possible, explain it to someone else. When you review and test yourself on the material, you are being active; active learning is better than just reading or listening. You remember more and save time in the end if you spend at least one-third of your time on active review.

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A.Long-term Memories

B.Short-term Memories

C.Organized Material

D.Study to Remember

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第6题

Learning a foreign language is not a matter of reading some grammar rules and learning
some vocabulary words — although those are important activities not to be ignored.Acquiring (学到) a language is learning a skill, not a body of information.It’s as much like learning to swim or ride a bike as it is like learning about the Second World War.That is, you must not only understand the ideas and have information at hand, but also make your body accustomed to using that information in physical activity: In this case, the physical activity is speaking, listening, writing and reading.

You need, then, not only to learn and understand, but also to practice!

Here are a few suggestions on effective practice/study techniques.

1.Make your mouth or hand do what your mind is learning.Study out loud.Do go to the lab and work on the tapes.Study with a friend, and, thus, participate in speaking and listening.Try to write sentences or a short paragraph using the skills you have practiced with your own lips.

2.Study day-by-day.You cannot get by in a foreign language course by cramming (临时抱佛脚) at the last minute.You may be able to “learn” vocabulary items that way, but you cannot teach your mouth to use them in sentences.

3.Sometimes go back and review “old”topics and vocabulary.Language learning is cumulative (累积的).You learn new skills on the basis of old ones.The more you “recycle”familiar information and skills, the better you will be able to take in new ones.

4.Don’t be afraid to make mistakes.Self-consciousness (害羞) can be a strong barrier to learning a language.Perhaps part of the reason small children readily learn languages is that they are not afraid of making mistakes.

41.The first paragraph of the passage has been written to lay stress on the fact that______.

A.memorizing vocabulary words is necessary in language learning

B.learning to swim is quite similar to learning about the Second World War

C.understanding the ideas is more important than anything else

D.language learning is a process of acquiring different language skills

42.One of the major benefits of studying with a friend is that ________ .

A.it makes one talk in a particular language

B.it builds the friendship between two friends

C.friends can share tapes or other learning materials

D.one studies better in with a friend

43.Cramming is no good while learning a language because _________.

A.it is of little use to study without a clear purpose

B.nothing can be learned through cramming

C.anything learned that way can hardly be put into use

D.one may not find enough time to use at the last minute

44.The purpose of reviewing old topics is __________.

A.to build up a good basis for new skills

B.to enjoy the good ideas contained in them

C.to throw away the old, useless information

D.to avoid making mistakes in the future

45.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A.Why Children Are Able to Learn a Language Better than Grown-ups

B.A Few Suggestions on Studying a Foreign Language

C.Why Learning a Foreign Language Is More Difficult than Anything Else

D.An Introduction to Language Teaching and Learning

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第7题

Language is human speech, either written or spoken.All languages have a system of sou
nds, words, a system of word order, and grammar.Word order is more important in English than in some other languages.The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many African languages.

Language is always changing.The earliest known languages had complicated grammar but a small, limited vocabulary.Over the centuries, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary grew.For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries gave names to all the new plants and animals they found.In this way, hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies.Today life is changing very fast, and language is changing fast, too.

There are several major language families in the world.Some scientists say there are nine main families, but other scientists divide them differently.The languages in each family are related, and scientists think that they came from the same parent language.

We learn our own languages by listening and copying.We do this without studying or thinking about it.But learning a foreign language takes a lot of study and practice.

(1).What do all languages in the world have?

A.Complicated vocabularies

B.Single grammar

C.Large vocabularies

D.A system of sounds

(2).What does the earliest known languages have?

A.Different word orders

B.Difficult grammar

C.Difficult vocabularies

D.Easy sound system

(3).What did the English and Spanish people who came to America do?

A.They gave names to different animals

B.They found many new plants and animals

C.They changed the grammar of English and Spanish

D.They introduced new words into English and Spanish

(4).Scientists think that the languages in each family_________________________.

A.are related

B.should be divided differently

C.should be separated

D.are not very different

(5).According to the passage, we learn our own language by_________________________.

A.thinking about it

B.practicing it

C.listening and copying

D.studying it

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第8题

According to the passage, the two students failed in their study because of their______.A.

According to the passage, the two students failed in their study because of their______.

A.shyness

B.proudness

C.self-doubt

D.laziness

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第9题

According to the passage, sugar was used in the study to ______.A.feed the bees during the

According to the passage, sugar was used in the study to ______.

A.feed the bees during the experiment

B.make the bees live in groups

C.reward the bees for good performance

D.train the bees to travel to a particular place

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第10题

Text 4Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its at

Text 4

Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.

The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study more other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, arid in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other, lie is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiated, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.

Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

36. According to the passage, we can say that anthropology ______.

A)can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world

B) can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions

C) can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature

D) can distinguish the human race from other creatures

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第11题

It can be inferred from the passage that the author is ______.A.quite satisfied with the p

It can be inferred from the passage that the author is ______.

A.quite satisfied with the present situation of the study on journalistic interview

B.often interviewed by mass media

C.making a systematic research on interview

D.discontent with the present study on broadcasting interview

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