How to define the terms given？ 如何定义所给术语？

The author is primarily concerned with _____.

A．describing how photographers' individual temperaments are reflected in their work.

B．establishing new technical standards for contemporary photography.

C．analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-taking.

D．explaining how the technical limitations affect photographers' work.

A.Put innovation at the heart of strategy.

B.Recognize innovation in every part of the company.

C.Define jobs around innovation.

A.Having a promotion

B.How you make money

C.How companies define work

D.Developing yourself in your work

E.Spending several years in the same job

value systems, and processes that provide a company with its own unique flavor and attitude.【C2】______businesses of all sizes offer a specific range of services or products, every company has a set of values and goals that help to define what the business is all【C3】______. Here are some examples of elements that【C4】______creating and defining a corporate culture. At the foundation of any company culture are the standards for the operation of the business. These standards are usually expressed【C5】______the policies and procedures that define how the company will operate. This will include how different departments or functions【C6】______one another in the production process, the line of communication established between management and departmental employees, and rules【C7】______acceptable conduct of everyone who is part of the company. This basic organizational culture makes it possible to develop other layers of corporate culture based on these foundational factors. When employees have【C8】______to make suggestions that could improve the productivity or the general working environment of the company, the corporate culture is【C9】______, as it allows for free communication【C10】______everyone employed by the business.

【C1】

A．individual

B．extinct

C．collective

D．controversial

ounded by four blank walls and listening to the heartbeat of a _2__city outside my window. I felt very small. It was as if I had literally been __3__ into another world, and in a way I had: One day I had been at home in the suburban town where I’d lived for 18 years and knew everyone, and the next day I had moved into a tiny room in a huge city across the country where I didn’t know anyone. I had always thought there would be a neat __4__ between my previous self and my college self, but it turns out identity is more __5__ than that.

It was strange to feel my past life almost __6__ away as I entered this brand-new phase of my life. I didn’t know how to __7__ myself during my first couple of months at Penn because everything that defined me was back in California. I felt __8__ from my college friends because they only knew the college me. How could they really know me without knowing what Mission Boulevard looked like late at night with the Niles hills in the background？ How could they know me without knowing the friends who I had __9__ to Japan with or the friends I had gone to school with since kindergarten？ How could they know me if they hadn’t met my family？ How could they know me, or I them, if we didn’t know one another’s __10__ experiences？

A. drop B. journeyed C. unique D. define

E. complex F. realizing G. disconnected H. self-defining

I. drifted J. lying K. transition L. adjusted

M. fast-moving N. transported O. lack

rrounded by four blank walls and listening to the heartbeat of a _2__city outside my window. I felt very small. It was as if I had literally been __3__ into another world, and in a way I had: One day I had been at home in the suburban town where I’d lived for 18 years and knew everyone, and the next day I had moved into a tiny room in a huge city across the country where I didn’t know anyone. I had always thought there would be a neat __4__ between my previous self and my college self, but it turns out identity is more __5__ than that.

It was strange to feel my past life almost __6__ away as I entered this brand-new phase of my life. I didn’t know how to __7__ myself during my first couple of months at Penn because everything that defined me was back in California. I felt __8__ from my college friends because they only knew the college me. How could they really know me without knowing what Mission Boulevard looked like late at night with the Niles hills in the background？ How could they know me without knowing the friends who I had __9__ to Japan with or the friends I had gone to school with since kindergarten？ How could they know me if they hadn’t met my family？ How could they know me, or I them, if we didn’t know one another’s __10__ experiences？

A. drop B. journeyed C. unique D. define

E. complex F. realizing G. disconnected H. self-defining

I. drifted J. lying K. transition L. adjusted

M. fast-moving N. transported O. lack

What is the 'biggest city in the world？ That is, (21) city has the largest population？ This seems like (22) question to answer, but actually it isn't.

It's actually rather difficult to say which cities (23) the largest. There are two reasons for this difficulty. First of all, it isn't easy to determine a city's boundaries, that is, where a city ends. Nowadays, nearly all cities have a large (24) area around them. So when we talk about the population of a city, we often mean the population of the whole metropolitan area around the city. That means that it's difficult to determine what the population of a city is because it's difficult to define what a city is.

The second reason that it is difficult to 25 the population of different cities is this: it is almost impossible to get (26) about the population of all cities for the same year. For example, we might get an estimate of New York's population in 1979 and an (27) of Mexico City's population in 1981. So we real ly can't compare the numbers because the information is for (28) different years. And the population of cities changes rather quickly, especially in some cases. For example, the population of Jakarta, Indonesia, may increase by 5% each year, so the population figure will change rather quickly.

So we can say that these are our two (29) for comparing the populations of cities: one, it's difficult to determine the (30) of a city, and two, it is difficult to get accurate information.

21. A. what

B. which

C. where

D. how

nd services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form. of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the. asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

What is the best title for the passage？

A．The Inherent Weaknesses of the Price System

B．The Complexities of the Price System

C．Credit Terms in Transactions

D．Resource Allocation and the Public Sector

a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved？ Partly there's an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical Diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get everybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy.

Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests—the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. "The NHS consultant finds it difficult to define travelers' health," says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. "Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for？ It's a grey Tropical Diseases in London area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role," he says.

To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.

A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: "Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control." Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice？ The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than fl million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don't work and so give people a false sense of security. "Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority," he says.

Travel medicine in Britain is________.

A．not something anyone wants to run.

B．the responsibility of the government.

C．administered by private doctors.

D．handled adequately by travel agents.

an dynasty. The concept of a state ruled by men of ability and virtue was an outgrowth of Confucian philosophy. Standardized testing has not traditionally been a part of European pedagogy. Based on the skeptical and open-ended tradition of debate inherited from Ancient Greece, Western academia favored the essay. The use of standardized testing in the United States is a 20th century phenomenon with its origins in World War I.

One of the main advantages of standardized testing is that the results can be empirically documented ; therefore the test scores can be shown to have a relative degree of validity and reliability, as well as results which are generalizable and replicable. This is often contrasted with grades on a school transcript, which are assigned by individual teachers. Another advantage is aggregation. A well designed standardized test provides an assessment of an individual's mastery of a domain of knowledge or skill which at some level of aggregation will provide useful information.

Though many educators recognize that standardized tests have a place in tools used to assess student achievement, critics feel that overuse and misuse of these tests is having serious negative consequences on teaching and learning. The temptation is to use the tests to define curriculum and focus instruction. What is not tested is not taught, and how the subject is tested becomes a model for how to teach the subject. Moreover, standardized test scores are problematic tools for school accountability because the examinee scores are influenced by three things: what kids learn in school, what kids learn outside of school, and innate intelligence. Critics believe this is not possible. While it is possible to use a standardized test and not let its limits control curriculum and instruction, this can result in a school putting itself at risk for producing lower test scores, with negative political consequences.

Some critics say that some children do not do well on standardized tests, despite mastery of the material, due to testing anxiety or lack of time management or test-taking skills. This reflects the fact that tests cannot directly measure student knowledge, only the ability of students to apply knowledge in a stressful situation.

Some parents are willing to pay thousands of dollars to prepare their children for tests, a financial barrier that may give children of more wealthy parents an advantage compared to less affluent families. However this criticism would probably apply even more to testing alternatives such as portfolios or essays. Many studies also show that test coaching has little effect on scores on well-buih tests. The ability of wealthy families to pay for higher-quality education is not specifically related to standardized testing.

Which one of the regions does NOT have a long history of standardized testing？

A．China.

B．Europe.

C．United States.

D．Africa.