— We have so much food left,（）？ — Sure.

This is the microscope ______ which we have had so much trouble.

A．at

B．from

C．of

D．with

Ⅲ. Cloze (20 points)

Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is most suitable and mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.

We are interested in the weather because it (21) us so directly—what we wear, (22) we do, and even how we feel. Geographers, however, are (23) interested in climate than in weather. Climate is the pattern of all the weather conditions over a long period of time. Generally (24) , climate (25) to these normal weather conditions, not (26) daily or yearly changes.

Climate, like weather, changes (27) time. It is true (28) these changes (29) a long time, but not as long as we might expect. Records show that over the centuries large portions of the earth have experienced great changes (30) climate.

21. A. effects

B. defects

C. infects

D. affects

Dear Sir or Madam,

(1)is our new price list which will(2)by the end of this month．You will see that we have increased our prices on most models．We have, however, refrained from doing so on some models of(3)we hold large stocks．The explanation(4)ur increased prices stems from the fact(5)we are now paying 10% more for our raw materials than we were paying last year, along with some of our subcontractors having raised their prices(6)15%.

As you know, we(7)our product and are(8)of the reputation for quality and dependability we have built over 15 years．We will not(9)that reputation because of raising costs．We have, therefore, decided to raise the price of some of our products.

We hope you will understand our position and(10)your cooperation.

With best regards,

We came in this field late, so we must work hard to make ______ lost time.

A．out for

B．up for

C．up with

D．off with

n recent years but there's been a striking increase in the prison population, And because populism is coming so much to (1)_____ the political agendas, politicians are advocating sharp increases in penalties to take (2)_____ of public unease. The question is how far this will get. In the 21st century weak governments might try to win legitimacy by being especially (3)_____ on crime. That could mean high prison populations and draconian (4)_____ such as those adopted in the United States in recent years.

Luckily, there remain significant differences between the UK and the USA: social divisions are less extreme and racial (5)_____ are not as high. (6)_____ there is a great deal of minor violent crime here, rates of murder—(7)_____ particularly fuel public anxieties—are much (8)_____ because guns have not been so widely (9)_____. It's unlikely that this will change greatly: the (10)_____ to tighten up the gun laws in Britain will continue, and all (11)_____ the toughest criminals will still have a view about what is and what isn't "acceptable violence".

So I don't believe we will see a huge (12)_____ in violent crime, but I (13)_____ rates of property crime and crimes of opportunity to remain high. There will also be much more electronic fraud because it's so hard to (14)_____ and prevent. This is an important problem for business, but not one that (15)_____ much popular agitation.

It's unlikely we'll see the return of the death penalty: the police are (16)_____ about its effectiveness and its reintroduction would be highly problematic (17)_____ the recent Council of Europe protocol outlawing its use. (18)_____ punishment remains a pretty accurate temperature gauge, though: (19)_____ there is significant political pressure for the death penalty, it's a (20)_____ of harsher attitudes towards crime generally.

A．govern

B．dominate

C．control

D．manipulate

'd been looking forward to seeing you.

A．We're glad to meet you

B．I'm afraid you didn't have a good time

C．Thank you for your coming

D．Just stay a little longer, please

, we cut down trees, nature unaided would replace them. However many fish we took from the sea, nature would restock it. However much sewage we dumped into the river, nature would purify it, just as she would purify the air, however much smoke and fumes we put into it. Today we have reached the stage of realizing that rivers can be polluted past praying for, that seas can be overfished and the forests must be managed and fostered if they are not to vanish.

But we still retain our primitive optimism about air and water. There will always be enough rain falling from the skies to meet our needs. The air can absorb all the filth we care to put in it. Still less do we worry whether we could ever run short of oxygen. Surely there is air enough to breathe. Who ever asks where oxygen comes from, to begin with？ They should—for we now consume about 10 percent of all the atmospheric oxygen every year, thanks to the many forms of combustion which destroy it; every car, aircraft and power station destroys oxygen in quantities far greater than men consume by breathing.

The fact is we are just beginning to press up against the limits of the earth's capacity. We begin to have to watch what we are doing to things like water and oxygen, just as we have to watch whether we are overfishing or overfelling. The realization has dawned that the earth is a spaceship with strictly limited resources. These resources must, in the long run, be recycled, either by nature or by man. Just as the astronaut's urine is purified to provide drinking water and just as his expired air is regenerated to be breathed anew, so all the earth's resources must be recycled, sooner or later. Up to now, the slow pace of nature's own recycling has served, coupled with the fact that the "working capital" of already recycled material was large. But the margins are getting smaller and if men, in even larger numbers, are going to require even larger quantities, the pace of recycling will have to be artificially quickened.

All we have is a narrow band of usable atmosphere, no more than seven miles high, a thin crust of land, only one eighth of the surface of which is really suitable for people to live on, and a limited supply of drinkable water, which we continually reuse. And in the earth, we have a capital of fossil fuels and ores, which, we steadily run down billions of times faster than nature, restores it. These resources are tied together in a complex set of transactions. The air helps purify the water, the water irrigates the plants, the plants help to renew the air.

We heedlessly intervene in these transactions. For instance, we cut down the forests, which transpire water and oxygen, we build dams and pipeline which limit the movement of animals, we pave the earth and build reservoirs, altering the water cycle. So far, nature has brushed off these injuries as pinprick. But now we are becoming so strong, so clever and so numerous, that they are beginning to hurt.

Today there has been a change of attitude towards nature. This is shown in ______.

A．the pollution of rivers

B．the overfishing of seas

C．the increase in air pollution e

D．the fostering of forests

s. Sound has a waster product, too, in the form. of noise. Noise has been called unwanted sound. Noise is growing and it may get much worse before it gets any better.

Scientists, for several years, have been studying how noise affects people and animals. They are surprised by what they have learned. Peace and quiet are becoming harder to find. Noise pollution is a threat that should be looked at carefully.

There is a saying that it is so noisy that you can't hear yourself think. Doctors who study noise believe that we must sometimes hear ourselves think. If we don't, we may have headaches, other aches and pains, or even worse mental problems.

Noise adds more tension (紧张) to a society that already faces enough stress.

But noise is not a new problem. In ancient Rome, people complained so much about noise that government stopped chariots (四轮马车) from moving through the streets at night!

Ways of making less noise are now being tested. There are even laws controlling noise. We cannot return to the "good old days" of peace and quiet. But we can reduce noise--if we shout loudly enough about it.

Why are scientists surprised by the findings in their noise study？

A．Because the world is becoming more and more noisy.

B．Because they have learned that noise is also a kind of pollution.

C．Because noise is an unwanted waste for human beings.

D．Because people knew little about noise before.

class lecture. If you listen【36】to a professor who is talking on and on for an hour or so, your mind will often【37】and your attention will lessen. You are sitting in class and listening, but that【38】you are doing;【39】, when you listen actively you have to pay more careful and【40】attention to what【41】. This is because you are trying to【42】what you hear into an【43】, shortened written form. As a foreign student, you may find【44】very difficult to listen and write notes【45】at the same time. It is difficult【46】, but you will learn how to do【47】with practice. You【48】afraid you will forget what you are listening to【49】you are listening and writing at the same time, but the studies of researchers【50】the value of note-taking in【51】lecture material have shown that learners remember【52】reproduced in some note form. much better than lecture information they have listened to【53】down in note form. So doing two things at the same time is better than doing one thing【54】. We do not say it is【55】; we say it is better.

(41)

A．carefully

B．passively

C．attentively

D．permanently

al analysis, both for solving everyday problems and for theoretical developments of many disciplines. For example, economics, biology, geography and medicine have all seen a considerable increase in the use of quantitative techniques. Twenty years ago applied mathematics meant the application of mathematics to problems in mechanics and little else—now, applied mathematics, or as many people prefer to call it, applicable mathematics, could refer to the use of mathematics in many varied areas. The one unifying theme that these applications have is that of mathematical modeling, by which we mean the construction of a mathematical model to describe the situation under study. This process of changing a real life problem into a mathematical one is not at all easy, we hasten to add, although one of the overall aims of this book is to improve your ability as a mathematical modeler.

There have been many books written during the past decade on the topic of mathematical modeling; all these books have been devoted to explaining and developing mathematical models, but very little space has been given to how to construct mathematical models, that is, how to take a real problem and convert it into a mathematical one. Although we appreciate that we might not yet have the best methods for teaching how to tackle real problems, we do at least regard this mastery of model formulation as a crucial step, and much of this book is devoted to attempting to make you more proficient in this process.

Our basic concept is that applied mathematicians become better modelers through more and more experience of tackling real problems. So in order to get the most out of this book, we stress that you must make a positive effort to tackle the many problems posed before looking at the solutions we have given. To help you to gain confidence in the art of modeling we have divided the book into four distinct sections.

In the first section we describe three different examples of how mathematical analysis has been used to solve practical problems. These are all true accounts of how mathematical analysis has helped to provide solutions. We are not expecting you to do much at this stage, except to read through the case studies carefully, paying particular attention to the way in which the problems have been tackled—the process of translating the problem into a mathematical one.

The second section consists of a series of real problems, together with possible solutions and related problems. Each problem has a clear statement, and we very much encourage you to try to solve these problems in the first place without looking at the solutions we have given. The problems require for solution different levels of mathematics, and you might find you have not yet covered some of the mathematical topics required. In general we have tried to order them, so that the level of mathematics required in the solutions increase as you move through the problems. Remember that we are only giving our solutions and, particularly if you don't look at our solution, you might well have a completely different approach which might provide a better solution.

Here, in the third section, we try to give you some advice as to how to approach the tackling of real problem solving, and we give some general concepts involved in mathematical modeling. It must, though, again be stressed that we are all convinced that experience is the all-important ingredient needed for confidence in model formulation. If you have just read Sections I and 11 without making at least attempts at your own solutions to some of the problems set, you will not have gained any real experience in tackling real problems, and this section will not really be of much help. On the other hand, if you have taken the problem solving seriously in Section Ⅱ, you might find the general advice give

A．solving problems in real life with mathematics

B．the application of mathematics in problems related to mechanics

C．its ability to describe various situations

D．the construction of mathematical modeling

iewers and book buyers embraced this tough warrior of a psychologist who tells them to suck it up and deal with their own problems rather than complaining and blaming everyone else？ Obviously, Oprah Winfrey has a lot to do with it. She made him famous with regular appearances on her show, and is co-producing the new “Dr.Phil” show that’s likely to be the hottest new daytime offering this fall. But we decided to put Dr. Phil on the cover not just because he’s a phenomenon. We think his success may reflect an interesting shift in the American spirit of time. Could it be that we’re finally getting tired of the culture of victimology？

This is a tricky subject, because there are very sad real victims among us. Men still abuse women in alarming numbers. Racism and discrimination persist in subtle and not-so-subtle forms. But these days, almost anyone can find a therapist or lawyer to assure them that their professional relationship or health problems aren’t their fault. As Marc Peyser tells us in his terrific profile of Dr. Phil, the TV suits were initially afraid audiences would be offended by his stern advice to “get real!” In fact, viewers thirsted for the tough talk. Privately, we all know we have to take responsibility for decisions we control. It may not be revolutionary advice (and may leave out important factors like unconscious impulses). But it’s still an important message with clear echoing as, a year later, we contemplate the personal lessons of September 11.

Back at the ranch (livestock farm)—the one in Crawford, Texas—President Bush continued to issue mixed signals on Iraq. He finally promised to consult allies and Congress before going to war, and signaled an attack isn’t coming right now (“I’m a patient man”). But so far there has been little consensus-building, even as the administration talks of “regime change” and positions troops in the gulf. Bush’s team also ridiculed the press for giving so much coverage to the Iraq issue. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld called it a “frenzy,” and Press Secretary Ari Fleischer dismissed it as “self-inflicted silliness.” But as Michael Hirsh notes in our lead story, much of the debate has been inside the Republican Party, where important voices of experience argue Bush needs to prepare domestic and world opinion and think through the global consequences before moving forward. With so much at stake, the media shouldn’t pay attention？ Now who’s being silly？

第31题：Faced with diversified issues of injustice, Dr. Phil McGraw advised that people should __.

［A］ strongly voice their condemnation of those responsible

［B］ directly probe the root of their victimization

［C］ carefully examine their own problems

［D］ sincerely express their sympathy for the victims