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Sign language is ______.
A．not used as much today as it once was
B．used as much today as it once was
C．no longer used in the schools
D．never used as much as today
答案
更多“Sign language is ______.A．not used as much today as it once wasB．used as much today as it”相关的问题
第1题
What can be the best title for the text？
A．Sign language and spoken language.
B．The history of NSL.
C．Findings about sign language.
D．The origin of language.
第2题
A．spelling
B．ideas
C．whole words
D．expressions
第3题
The best title of this passage can be ______.
A．New Research Findings on the Chimpanzee Mind
B．Chimpanzee—Intelligent and Creative Animals
C．Chimpanzee and Sign Language
D．Chimpanzees Are Talents in Language Learning
第4题
The Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL) emerged in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children. Initially the children were instructed by teachers who could hear. No one taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various points in its history, Dr. Senghas has shown how NSL has become more sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an older signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters.
Early users, too, did not develop a way of distinguishing left from right. Dr. Senghas showed this by asking signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see. One signer had to pick a photograph and describe it. The other had to guess which photograph was being described.
When all the photographs contained the same elements, merely arranged differently, older people, who had learned the early form. of the language, could neither signal which photo they meant, nor understand the signals of their younger partners. Nor could their younger partners teach them the signs that indicate left and right. The older people clearly understood the concept of left and right, they just could not converse about it a result that bears on the vexing question of how much language merely reflects the way the brain thinks about the world, and how much it actually shapes such thinking.
For a sign language to emerge spontaneously, though, deaf children must have some inherent tendency to tie gestures to meaning. Spoken language, of course, is frequently accompanied by gestures. But, as a young researcher, Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected that deaf children use gestures differently from those who can hear. In a 30-year-long project carried out on deaf children in America and Taiwan, whose parents can hear normally, she has shown that this is true.
Even deaf children who have no deaf acquaintances use signs as words. The order the signs come in is important. It is also different from the order of words in either English or Chinese. But it is the same, for a given set of signs and meanings, in both America and Taiwan.
Curiously enough, the signs produced by children in Spain and Turkey, whom Dr. Goldin-Meadow is also studying, while similar to each other, differ from those that American and Taiwanese children produce. Dr. Goldin-Meadow is not certain why that is. However, the key commonality is that their spontaneously created languages resemble fully-formed languages.
The Nicaragua Sign Language is__________.
A．a non-verbal language created by deaf children.
B．an artificial language used by people in Nicaragua.
C．a language invented by teachers who teach the deaf.
D．a language described and modified by deliberate linguists
第5题
Dr. Stokoe decided to propose a study of sign language. Many other teachers were not interested, and thought Dr. Stokoe was【C2】______to think about studying sign language. Even deaf teachers were not very interested in the project. However, Dr. Stokoe did not give up.【C3】______, he started the Linguistics Research Program in'1957. Stokoe and his two deaf assistants, worked【C4】______this project during the summer and after school. The three【C5】______made films of deaf people signing. The deaf people in the films did not understand【C6】______the research was about and were just trying to be nice to Dr. Stokoe. Many people thought the whole project was silly, but【C7】______agreed with Dr. Stokoe in order to please him.
Stokoe and his【C8】______studied the films of signing. They【C9】______the films and tried to see patterns in the signs. The results of the research were【C10】______: the signs used by all of the signers【C11】______certain linguistic rules.
Dr. Stokoe was the first linguist to test American Sign Language【C12】______a real language. He published the【C13】______ in 1960,but not many people paid attention to the study. Dr. Stokoe was still【C14】______ —he was the only linguist who【C15】______that sign language was more than gestures. He knew it was a language of its own and not just another form. of English.
【C1】
A．ashamed
B．bored
C．interested
D．involved
第6题
The main idea of Paragraph 2 can be summarized as. ______.
A．chimps can also be taught to imitate their elders
B．like human beings, chimps can also learn some sign language through self-taught
C．young chimps can be clever enough to watch and learn
D．a young chimp is similar to a human child in intelligence development to know the nature of some objects
第7题
Other chimps entered the project, some starting their lives in deaf signing families before joining Washoe. And finally Washoe adopted an infant, Loulis. He came from a lab where no thought of teaching signs had ever penetrated. When he was with Washoe he was given no lessons in language acquisition—not by humans, anyway. Yet by the time he was eight years old he had made fifty-eight signs in their correct contexts. How did he learn them？ Mostly, it seems, by imitating the behavior. of Washoe and the other three signing chimps, Dar, Moja and Tam. Sometimes, though, he received tuition from Washoe herself. One day, for example, she began to swagger about bipedally, hair bristling, signing food! food! food! in great excitement. She had seen a human approaching with a bar of chocolate. Loulis, only eighteen months old, watched passively. Suddenly Washoe stopped her swaggering, went over to him, took his hand, and moulded the sign for food (fingers pointing towards mouth). Another time, in a similar context, she made the sign for chewing gum—but with her hand on his body. On a third occasion Washoe picked up a small chair, took it over to Loulis, set it down in front of him, and very distinctly made the chair sign three times, watching him closely as she did so. The two food signs became incorporated into Loulis's vocabulary but the sign for chair did not. Obviously the priorities of a young chimp are similar to those of a human child!
Chimpanzees who have been taught a language can combine signs creatively in order to describe objects for which they have no symbol. Washoe, for example, puzzled her caretakers by asking, repeatedly, for a rock berry. Eventually it transpired that she was referring to brazil nuts which she had encountered for the first time a while before. Another language-trained chimp described a cucumber as a green banana. They can even invent signs. Lucy, as she got older, had to be put on a leash for her outings. One day, eager to set off but having no sign for leash, she signaled her wishes by holding a crooked index finger to the ring on her collar. This sign became part of her vocabulary.
The example of Washoe being sent to fetch an apple which is in another room indicates that______.
A．chimps may have more than one way to fetch food
B．chimps can associate one sign with another in a meaningful way
C．chimps can learn the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf
D．chimps have their particular ways for finding what they want
第8题
Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of indicating that the part is only joking. A nod signifies approval I while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.
Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals, Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn, and instruct people. While language is the most common form. of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.
Which of the following statements best summarizes this passage？ ()
A．When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication.
B．Everybody uses only one form. of communication.
C．Nonlinguistic language is invaluable to foreigners.
D．Although other forms, apart from language of communication exist, they are of little value.
第9题
It has been justly said that while" we speak with our vocal organs we (1)_____ with our whole bodies". All of us communicate with one another (2)_____, as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we're doing, as with the use of gestures such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that, we (3)_____. But most of the time we're not aware that we're doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else's eyes and (4)_____. These actions we (5)_____ are random and incidental. But researchers (6)_____ that there is a system of them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole (7)_____ of body language, (8)_____ the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we (9)_____, the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand (10)_____ each other.
The body language serves a variety of purposes. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, (11)_____ with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication, loudness and (12)_____ of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal (13)_____. Finally it conveys our emotions and attitudes. This is (14)_____ important for successful cross-culture communication.
Every culture has its own" body language", and children absorb its nuances (15)_____ with spoken language. The way an Englishmen crosses his legs is (16)_____ like the way a mate American does it. When we communicate with people from other, cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and (17)_____, such as shaking hand is such a (18)_____ gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes—the body language can cause certain misunderstanding (19)_____ people of different cultures often have different forms behavior. for sending the same message or have different (20)_____ towards the same body signals.
A．address
B．reverse
C．converse
D．confer
第10题
Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, We use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture", can also be found in the lives of certain animals.
We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and eats them off the end—not unlike our use of a fork!
For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals couldn't be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread through out the group. It became, learned behavior, not 'from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a "cultural" difference among animals.
We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior. from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held out the last feature—language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept another forms rather than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, "talk" is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response.
Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form. of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.
The passage mainly tells us about______.
A．the history of animal learning
B．the difference between animals' culture and that of human beings
C．the various aspects of animals culture
D．the dividing line between animals and human beings
