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Expenditure increased on all the following consumption EXCEPT ______.
A) food
B) automobiles
C) education
D) entertainment
答案
更多“Expenditure increased on all the following consumption EXCEPT ______.A) foodB) automob”相关的问题
第1题
在凯恩斯交叉图中，假设消费函数如下：
C=200+0.75(Y-T)
计划投资是100；政府购买和税收都是100。
a．画出作为收入的函数的计划支出。
b．均衡的收入水平是多少？
c．如果政府购买增加到125，新的均衡收入是多少？
d．为了达到1600美元的收入。需要的政府购买水平是多少？
In the Keynesian cross, assume that the consumption function is given by
C=200+0.75(Y-T)
Planned investment is 100; government purchases and taxes are both 100.
a．Graph planned expenditure as a function of income.
b．What is the equilibrium level of income？
c．If government purchases increase to 125, what is the new equilibrium income？
d．What level of government purchases is needed to achieve an income of 1,600？
第2题
Text 3
Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to the transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16%～17% investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross in vestment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of new taxes and limitation of building.
Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capital personal consumption by under 7% ,as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13% ,there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased.
Spending on furniture and household equipment, health, education and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive wealth of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric, refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.
31. the author thinks that the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption was "undesirable" because ______.
A) people saved less
B) people were wealthy
C) people consumed less
D) expenditures on luxuries increased
第3题
Except for the recession years of 1949, 1954, and 1958, the rate of economic growth exceeded the rate of productivity increase. However, in the late 1950s productivity and labor force were increasing more rapidly than usual, while the growth of output was slower than usual. This accounted for the change in employment rates.
But if part of the national purpose is to reduce and contain unemployment, arithmetic is not enough. We must know which of the basic factors we can control and which we wish to control. Unemployment would have risen more slowly or fallen more rapidly if productivity had in creased more slowly, or the labor force had increased more slowly, or the hours of work had fallen more steeply, or total output had grown more rapidly. These are not independent factors, however, and a change in any of them might have caused change in the other.
A society can choose to reduce the growth of productivity, and it can probably find ways to frustrate its own creativity. However, while a reduction in the growth of productivity at the expense of potential output might result in higher employment in the short run, the long-run effect on the national interest would be disastrous.
We must also give consideration to the fact that hidden beneath national averages is continuous movement into, out of, between, and within labor markets. For example, 15 years ago, the average number of persons in the labor force was 74 million, with about 70 million employed and 3.9 million unemployed. Yet 14 million experienced some term or unemployment in that year. Some were new entrants to the labor fore; others were laid off temporarily, the remainder were those who were permanently or indefinitely severed from their jobs. Thus, the average number unemployed during a year understates the actual volume of involunatary displacement that occurs.
High unemployment is not an inevitable result of the pace of technological change but the consequence of passive public policy. We can anticipate a moderate increase in the labor force accompained by a slow and irregular decline in hours or work. It follows that the output of the economy--and the aggregate demand to buy it--must grow by more than 4 percent a year just to prevent the unemployment rate from rising, and by even more if the unemployment rate is to fall further. Yet our
A．productivity rises at the same rate as growth of the labor force
B．productivity and labor force increase at a greater rate than output
C．output exceeds productivity
D．rate of economic growth is less than the number of man-hours required
第5题
A.accumulation
B.expenditure
C.depreciation
D.distribution
第6题
A.conjunction
B.ornament
C.expenditure
D.convenience
第8题
A.income and expenditure both ris
B.income rises and saving falls.
C.income and saving both ris
D.income rises and expenditure falls.
第9题
The Labor government's response was not to conduct a fundamental review about how best to reform. health care for the 21st century. Rather, it concluded that shortage of money, not the form. of financing or provision, was the main problem. In 2002, Gordon Brown, the powerful chancellor of the exchequer, used a review of the NHS'S future financing requirements to reject alternative funding models that would allow patients to sign up with competing insurers and so exercise greater control over their own health care.
Alan Milburn, the health minister, has made some tentative steps back towards the internal market introduced by the Conservative government. It means that a dozen top-ranking hospitals will also have been given greater freedom to run their own affairs. However, these reforms will not deliver real consumer power to patients.
As a result, the return on the money pouring into the NHS looks set to be disappointingly meager. Already there are worrying signs that much of the cash cascade will be soaked up in higher pay and shorter hours for staff and bear little relation to extra effort, productivity and quality. Some improvements will occur but far less than might be expected from such a financial windfall.
Health-care systems in the developed world share a common history, argues David Cutler at Harvard University. First governments founded generous universal systems after the Second World War. With few controls over the demand for medical care or its supply, costs then spiraled up. Starting in the 1980s there was a drive to contain expenditure, often through crude constraints on medical budgets which ran counter to rising patient expectations. Now this strategy has run its course: a third wave of reforms is under way to increase efficiency and restrain demand through cost-sharing between insurers and patients. Viewed from this perspective, the government's plan to shower cash on a largely unreformed NHS looks anomalous. But before more fundamental change can be contemplated in Britain, the old system must be shown to be incapable of cure through money. This harsh lesson is likely to be learnt as early as 2003.
In contrast to Britain, France is funding their medical care
A．more extravagantly.
B．more cautiously.
C．more consistently.
D．more reasonably.
